DO THE WILD SWINGS WE’VE SEEN IN THE MARKETS over the past couple years defy explanation? How is it that the S&P 500 index can drop 56% between October 9, 2007 and March 9, 2009 and then turn on a dime and rise 69% over the next 10 months, according to data from Yahoo! Finance? How can a company like Bank of America decline 94% and then rise 380% – all in less than the 30 months ending December 31, 2009? Or, how about Alcoa dropping 87% then more than tripling during the same period as Bank of America, according to The Wall Street Journal?
Aren’t the markets supposed to be “efficient” and “rational?”
These massive swings seem to happen with frightening frequency and investors who are unprepared for them will likely pay a heavy price. Benjamin Graham, arguably the “father” of security analysis and author of a classic book by the same name, said the price of a stock reflects two components. The first component, investment value, represents the discounted cash flow of all the company’s present and expected future earnings. The second component, speculative value, is driven by sentiment and emotions such as fear and greed.
It is not much of a stretch to suggest that an oscillation between investment value and speculative value may help explain the head-spinning volatility of the past few years. In other words, as markets rise or fall rapidly in short periods, speculative value may take prominence. Conversely, when markets are stable or moderately trending, investment value may take the lead.
Keeping this idea of investment value versus speculative value in mind can help us do a better job of maintaining a disciplined perspective on market volatility. It can help us better understand and potentially profit from the market’s periodic “inefficiency” and “irrationality.”
